Historical Review of Brave heart

Brave heart is a 1995 American epic drama film directed by and starring Mel Gibson. The film was written for the screen and then novelized by Randall Wallace. Gibson portrays William Wallace, a Scottish warrior who gained recognition when he came to the forefront of the First War of Scottish Independence by opposing King Edward I of England, also known as Longshanks.

Characters of Brave Heart (a film review)

The Characters of the Brave Heart are the ff:
William Wallace
John Wallace
Malcolm Wallace
Campbell
MacClaonnaough
Arglye Wallace
King Edward
Prince Edward
Princess Isabelle
Philip

Brave Heart (a film review)

Summary of the story:

Its all about Scotland's brutal battle for independence in the 13th century.
when William Wallace's wife is ravaged and murdered by English troops,
his quest for revenge quickly turns into an impassioned fight for his country's
freedom. Tales of William Wallace's bravery inspire every commoner to take arms
against the English and escalate their crusade into a full scale war.

The Chinese philosophy VS. Christianity

The Chinese philosophies tend to lead people to live in harmony. Based on the work of Dao De Jin, Taoism promotes the belief that a person will gain power and strength if behave in harmony with the nature of universe. A person will be prosecuted sooner or later by his own wrong if acts against the nature of the universe. With proper behaviors and self restrain, a person can achieve great inner strength and prolonged life.
While the Christianity believe Jesus is the son of God, having become man and the savior of humanity Christianity, therefore, commonly refer to Jesus as Christ or Messiah.

The teachings of taoism:

taught inwardness and harmony with the self as a means to achieving balance and harmony with others and the natural world. The basic principles of Taoism were 1st written down in a short text. Tao Te Ching, by Lao-Tse in the 6th century.

The teachings of Confucianism:

Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a complex system of moral social, political, philosophical and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. It might be considered a state religion of some East Asia countries, because of governmental promotion of Confucianism philosophies.
In Confucianism, human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially including self-cultivation and self creation. A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection. Confucianism holds that one should give up one’s life, if necessary. Either passively or actively, for the sake of up holding of the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.

The caste system

The leaders of independent India decided that India will be democratic, socialist and secular country. According to this policy there is a separation between religion and state. Practicing untouchability or discriminating a person based on his caste is legally forbidden. Along with this law the government allows positive discrimination of the depressed classes of India.

The Indians have also become more flexible in their caste system customs. In general the urban people in India are less strict about the caste system than the rural. In cities one can see different caste people mingling with each other, while in some rural areas there is still discrimination based on castes and sometimes also on untouchability. Sometimes in villages or in the cities there are violent clashes which, are connected to caste tensions. Sometimes the high castes strike the lower castes who dare to uplift their status. Sometimes the lower caste get back on the higher castes.

In modern India the term caste is used for Jat and also for Varna. The term, caste was used by the British who ruled India until 1947. The British who wanted to rule India efficiently made lists of Indian communities. They used two terms to describe Indian communities. Castes and Tribes. The term caste was used for Jats and also for Varnas. Tribes were those communities who lived deep in jungles, forests and mountains far away from the main population and also communities who were hard to be defined as castes for example communities who made a living from stealing or robbery. These lists, which the British made, were used later on by the Indian governments to create lists of communities who were entitled for positive discrimination.

The castes, which were the elite of the Indian society, were classified as high castes. The other communities were classified as lower castes or lower classes. The lower classes were listed in three categories. The first category is called Scheduled Castes. This category includes in it communities who were untouchables. In modern India, untouchability exists at a very low extent. The untouchables call themselves Dalit, meaning depressed. Until the late 1980s they were called Harijan, meaning children of God. This title was given to them by Mahatma Gandhi who wanted the society to accept untouchables within them.

The second category is Scheduled Tribes. This category includes in it those communities who did not accept the caste system and preferred to reside deep in the jungles, forests and mountains of India, away from the main population. The Scheduled Tribes are also called Adivasi, meaning aboriginals.

The third category is called sometimes Other Backward Classes or Backward Classes. This category includes in it castes who belong to Sudra Varna and also former untouchables who converted from Hinduism to other religions. This category also includes in it nomads and tribes who made a living from criminal acts.

According to the central government policy these three categories are entitled for positive discrimination. Sometimes these three categories are defined together as Backward Classes. 15% of India's population are Scheduled Castes. According to central government policy 15% of the government jobs and 15% of the students admitted to universities must be from Scheduled Castes. For the Scheduled Tribes about 7.5% places are reserved which is their proportion in Indian population. The Other Backwards Classes are about 50% of India's population, but only 27% of government jobs are reserved for them.

Along with the central government, the state governments of India also follow a positive discrimination policy. Different states have different figures of communities entitled for positive discrimination based on the population of each state. Different state governments have different lists of communities entitled for positive discrimination. Sometimes a specific community is entitled for rights in a particular state but not in another state of India.

In modern India new tensions were created because of these positive discrimination policies. The high caste communities feel discriminated by the government policy to reserve positions for the Backward Classes. In many cases a large number of high caste members compete for a few places reserved for them. While the Backward Classes members do not have to compete at all because of the large number of reserved places for them compared to the candidates. Sometimes in order to fill the quota, candidates from the lower classes are accepted even though they are not suitable. Sometimes some reserved positions remain unmanned because there were few candidates from the lower classes causing more tension between the castes. Between the lower castes there are also tensions over reservation.

In the order of priority for a reserved place of the Backward Classes, candidate from the Scheduled castes is preferred over a candidate from the Scheduled Tribes who is preferred over a candidate from the other Backward Classes. As stated earlier Other Backward Classes are about 50% of India's population but only 27% of the Other Backward Classes are entitled for positive discrimination according to central government policy. Some Other Backward Classes communities are organizing politically to be recognized as Backward Classes entitled for positive discrimination.

The Scheduled Tribes who are seen as the aborigins of India got ownership and certain rights over Indian land. Many communities in India claim also to be aborigins of India and they are claiming the same rights as the Scheduled Tribes.

The caste identity has become a subject of political, social and legal interpretation. Communities who get listed as entitled for positive discrimination do not get out of this list even if their social and political conditions get better. In many cases the legal system is involved to decide if a certain person is entitled for positive discrimination.

But with all this positive discrimination policy, most of the communities who were low in the caste hierarchy remain low in the social order even today. And communities who were high in the social hierarchy remain even today high in the social hierarchy. Most of the degrading jobs are even today done by the Dalits, while the Brahmans remain at the top of the hierarchy by being the doctors, engineers and lawyers of India.

The Advantages and DIsadvantages of social stratification of ancient egypt

The study of poverty and inequality has been thrust into the foreground as scholars, politicians, and policymakers respond to the spectacular increase in economic inequality and the slowing, stalling out, or even reversal of long-standing downward trends in other forms of inequality. A mainstay of the field for more than a decade, Social Stratification has now been fully updated and revised with additional readings and newly commissioned pieces, all from top scholars of poverty and inequality. This collection reflects ongoing changes in the structure of inequality and in the tools and concepts that have been used to understand these changes. Oriented toward the advanced student, Social Stratification provides a demanding, comprehensive, no-holds-barred overview of classic and contemporary scholarship. The history of the field unfolds systematically from the early and modern classics to the cutting-edge scholarship that currently drives the field. The resulting collection, even more comprehensive and diverse than its predecessor, can be used as a stand-alone text for courses on stratification, poverty, and inequality, as well as occupations, labor markets, and social mobility.